Prior research has demonstrated that the 5G cells operating at 3.6 GHz are currently not heavy utilized and significant differences exist between instantaneous exposure without load, typical utilisation scenarios and maximum load [1]. Furthermore, studies indicate that the exposure of a passive user…
This paper reports key findings from a large-scale research study of radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) exposure to 5G mobile communication base stations with massive MIMO, i.e. with beamforming antennas. Exposure measurements taken at 100 measurement points, systematically selected in the…
The assessment of maximal RF exposure to 5G massive-MIMO antennas in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios may lead to significant misestimations because of incorrect gain correction factors, which are used to extrapolate the measured exposure to the maximal possible state. Preliminary work provided theoretical…
This paper addresses misestimations of RF exposure found in measurements at 5G massive MIMO base stations under non-line-of-sight conditions. One possible cause is incorrectly determined gain correction factors, which are used for extrapolating the measured SSB exposure to the maximal possible exposure.…
For determining maximum exposure to 5G massive MIMO base stations, measurement and extrapolation methods already exist. However, misestimations of the maximum exposure were found for measurement points without line-of-sight (NLOS) to the base station. Based on preliminary considerations in part 1 of…
Constantly increasing demands on mobile communications require continuous development of the network and technologies. Therefore, many institutions are already working on the next mobile network generation 6G, which is expected to work on the same frequency as 5G New Radio (410 MHz to 7.125 GHz and 25.25…
In the course of the evolution of mobile radio networks and the increasing high-capacity needs, operators have started to deploy small-cell base stations. To account for possible concerns about the RF exposure, we investigate the exposure for two types of small-cell base stations embedded into street…
Monitoring the evolution of exposure to EMF caused by mobile communication systems is a continuous requirement for a responsible operation of these networks. However, measurements performed by qualified personnel with professional equipment are expensive and time-consuming and can only be carried out…
This paper deals with the impact of beamforming antennas on the local downlink exposure in a 5G network. Field strength measurements show that the local exposure maximum in a 5G cell changes according to the location of a moving user equipment (UE). When carrying out a download, the local exposure mainly…
This paper deals with human exposure measurements to 5G massive-MIMO base stations at maximum traffic load and, as a follow-up of our BioEM2019 paper, contains latest findings and results. We have optimized our measurement device settings concerning resolution and video bandwidth. Furthermore, we have…
The rollout of 5G has already begun and the question arises how this will change overall exposure to mobile radio networks. Apart from extrapolation procedures to maximum exposure, the measurement of instantaneous exposure is also an important task for the purpose of monitoring. Therefore, a method for…
In vielen Überwachungs- und Rettungsszenarien ist die Lokalisierung und Verfolgung von Personen in Innenräumen auf nichtkooperative Weise erforderlich. Für die Erkennung von Objekten durch Wände in kurzer bis mittlerer Entfernung, ist die Ultrabreitband (UWB) Radartechnologie aufgrund ihrer hohen zeitlichen…
Wie Systeme ihre Umwelt erfassen und Umgebungen wahrnehmen ist in den letzten Jahren in nahezu allen Lebensbereichen in den Fokus technischer Entwicklungen gerückt. Es sind Anwendungen der Assistenz oder Automatisierung im privaten Raum (Smart Home), in der Produktion (Industrie 4.0) oder in Mobilitätssystemen…