6-min time averaged RF exposure measurements to terminal devices (mobile phones, WLAN and DECT devices) and fixed transmitters (base stations and radio/TV transmitters) on 30 different points in seven everyday scenarios were performed. The highest exposure was 0.46 % of the power density reference level…
In the course of the evolution of mobile radio networks and the increasing high-capacity needs, operators have started to deploy small-cell base stations. To account for possible concerns about the RF exposure, we investigate the exposure for two types of small-cell base stations embedded into street…
Monitoring the evolution of exposure to EMF caused by mobile communication systems is a continuous requirement for a responsible operation of these networks. However, measurements performed by qualified personnel with professional equipment are expensive and time-consuming and can only be carried out…
This paper deals with human exposure measurements to 5G massive-MIMO base stations at maximum traffic load and, as a follow-up of our BioEM2019 paper, contains latest findings and results. We have optimized our measurement device settings concerning resolution and video bandwidth. Furthermore, we have…
This paper deals with the impact of beamforming antennas on the local downlink exposure in a 5G network. Field strength measurements show that the local exposure maximum in a 5G cell changes according to the location of a moving user equipment (UE). When carrying out a download, the local exposure mainly…
This paper addresses misestimations of RF exposure found in measurements at 5G massive MIMO base stations under non-line-of-sight conditions. One possible cause is incorrectly determined gain correction factors, which are used for extrapolating the measured SSB exposure to the maximal possible exposure.…
The gradual shutdown of the 3G mobile radio network in Germany releases spectral resources in the 2100 MHz band which can be used for successor technologies such as 4G and 5G. Since mid of 2020, dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) has been increasingly used to enable parallel operation of 4G and 5G in one…
In the era of automated and connected driving, more and more cars will be equipped with wireless transmission technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth, and V2X. The electromagnetic environment of cars and the corresponding exposure of the general public to wireless emission will be significantly influenced…
For determining maximum exposure to 5G massive MIMO base stations, measurement and extrapolation methods already exist. However, misestimations of the maximum exposure were found for measurement points without line-of-sight (NLOS) to the base station. Based on preliminary considerations in part 1 of…
The rollout of 5G has already begun and the question arises how this will change overall exposure to mobile radio networks. Apart from extrapolation procedures to maximum exposure, the measurement of instantaneous exposure is also an important task for the purpose of monitoring. Therefore, a method for…
The dynamic spectrum sharing technology is increasingly being used to enable parallel operation of 4G and 5G in one frequency band. 5G code-selective measurements provide a new method to assess the maximal exposure to 5G and offer an alternative to the frequency-selective method used so far. We have…
This paper reports key findings from a large-scale research study of radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) exposure to 5G mobile communication base stations with massive MIMO, i.e. with beamforming antennas. Exposure measurements taken at 100 measurement points, systematically selected in the…
Constantly increasing demands on mobile communications require continuous development of the network and technologies. Therefore, many institutions are already working on the next mobile network generation 6G, which is expected to work on the same frequency as 5G New Radio (410 MHz to 7.125 GHz and 25.25…
The assessment of maximal RF exposure to 5G massive-MIMO antennas in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios may lead to significant misestimations because of incorrect gain correction factors, which are used to extrapolate the measured exposure to the maximal possible state. Preliminary work provided theoretical…
Specific human RF exposure is either hardly or even impossibly assessed by conventional field probe measurement. Limited location access, limited availability of suitable measurement equipment and challenging accuracy requirements necessitate new evaluation methods. We propose a hybrid exposure assessment…
In the era of automated and connected driving, more and more cars will be equipped with wireless transmission technologies such as mobile communications 4G (LTE) and 5G, WiFi, Bluetooth, and V2X. For the technical implementation of V2X-communications, different standards like cellular-V2X from the cooperation…
Modern automobiles have been turning more and more into wireless sensor and communication networks. Accordingly, the number of radio systems is steadily increasing. Due to strict safety requirements, these radio systems need to be tested extensively for functionality and reliability, especially under…
Walnut CA, United States: ASTES Publishers, 2019-02-20