These notes provide a pedagogical introduction to the theoretical study of vacuum
polarization effects in strong electromagnetic fields as provided by state-of-the-art high-intensity lasers.
Quantum vacuum fluctuations give rise to effective couplings between electromagnetic fields, thereby
supplementing…
Deionized water and glucose without yeast and with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) of
optical density OD600 that ranges from 4 to 16 has been put in the ring electrode region of six
different types of impedance biochips and impedance has been measured in dependence on the
added volume (20, 21, 22,…