@Article{dbt_mods_00068064,
  author = 	{Eshaghi, Ghazaleh
		and Kaiser, David
		and Rasouli, Hamid Reza
		and Ennaciri, Rania
		and Frey, Martha
		and Neumann, Christof
		and Gary, Dominik
		and Fischer, Tobias
		and Frankenfeld, Katrin
		and Turchanin, Andrey},
  title = 	{Highly sensitive and label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 proteins via surface plasmon resonance using biofunctionalization with 1 nm thick carbon nanomembranes},
  journal = 	{Scientific reports},
  year = 	{2025},
  month = 	{Aug},
  day = 	{25},
  publisher = 	{Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature},
  address = 	{London},
  volume = 	{15},
  number = 	{1},
  pages = 	{1--12},
  keywords = 	{Biosensors; SARS-CoV-2; Surface plasmon resonance; Two-dimensional materials; Carbon nanomembrane; Surface functionalization},
  abstract = 	{Here we report a novel platform for the detection of nucleocapsid (N) and receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike (S) proteins of SARS-CoV-2 viruses using the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique. We demonstrate that the functionalization of SPR sensors with molecular 2D materials − 1 nm thick carbon nanomembranes (CNMs) significantly enhances sensitivity. CNMs terminated with azide linker (N 3 -CNM) enable covalent bonding of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies for specific immobilization of the N- and S-proteins to the sensor surface. The successful and stable hierarchical functionalization is confirmed by multiparametric SPR measurements complemented with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy. The obtained equilibrium dissociation constants ( K D ) for the N-protein and the S-protein in the physiological buffer are 570{\thinspace}{\textpm}{\thinspace}50 pM and 22{\thinspace}{\textpm}{\thinspace}2 pM and the low detection limits ( LOD s) are {\~}{\thinspace}190 pM and {\~}{\thinspace}10 pM, respectively. The high specificity of the developed sensors is shown via their negligible cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV proteins. Finally, detection of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in nasopharyngeal swab samples with the LOD of {\~}{\thinspace}40 pM is demonstrated. The proposed methodology enables the development of biosensors that cover clinically relevant range for the direct and immediate detection of SARS-CoV-2 without any amplification or labeling.},
  note = 	{Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichung},
  issn = 	{2045-2322},
  doi = 	{10.1038/s41598-025-16342-5},
  url = 	{https://www.db-thueringen.de/receive/dbt_mods_00068064},
  url = 	{http://uri.gbv.de/document/gvk:ppn:663366712},
  url = 	{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-16342-5},
  file = 	{:https://www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/dbt_derivate_00069478/41598_2025_Article_16342.pdf:PDF},
  language = 	{en}
}