Genetics and Epigenetics in Personalized Nutrition : Evidence, Expectations, and Experiences

ORCID
0000-0002-0155-9338
Affiliation
Institute for Nutritional Medicine School of Medicine Technical University of Munich 81675 Munich Germany
Holzapfel, Christina;
Affiliation
Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology Institute of Epidemiology Helmholtz Zentrum Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health 85764 Neuherberg Germany
Waldenberger, Melanie;
GND
12292620X
ORCID
0000-0002-9649-840X
Affiliation
Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Friedrich Schiller University 07743 Jena Germany
Lorkowski, Stefan;
Affiliation
Technical University of Munich 85354 Freising Germany
Daniel, Hannelore

With the presentation of the blueprint of the first human genome in 2001 and the advent of technologies for high‐throughput genetic analysis, personalized nutrition (PN) becomes a new scientific field and the first commercial offerings of genotype‐based nutrition advice emerge at the same time. Here, the state of evidence for the effect of genetic and epigenetic factors in the development of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and resulting illnesses such as non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases is summarized. This study also critically value the concepts of PN that are built around the new genetic avenue from both the academic and a commercial perspective and their effectiveness in causing sustained changes in diet, lifestyle, and for improving health. Despite almost 20 years of research and commercial direct‐to‐consumer offerings, evidence for the success of gene‐based dietary recommendations is still generally lacking. This calls for new concepts of future PN solutions that incorporate more phenotypic measures and provide a panel of instruments (e.g., self‐ and bio‐monitoring tools, feedback systems, algorithms based on artificial intelligence) that increases compliance based on the individual´s physical and social environment and value system.

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