Topics: Confounder Sigma-Algebra of X with respect to a filtration, Covariate of X with respect to a filtration, Intermediate variable of X and Y with respect to a filtration, (X=x)-conditional probability measure PX=x, Conditional expectation of Y given the confounder sigma-algebra, with respect to PX=x, P-uniqueness and PX=x-uniqueness of this conditional expectation Total-effect true outcome variable